Peter Drucker, el más lúcido observador de la Ciencia de la Administración, ha dividido a quienes han realizado aportes a la misma en participantes y observadores. Los participantes son quienes a partir de la gestión exitosa de organizaciones han realizado aportes prácticos significativos. Los observadores han interpretado y dado sustento teórico a esos avances. En este trabajo presentaré casos de gestión exitosa que no fueron incorporados al bagaje teórico administrativo, y por lo tanto no fueron replicados durante años, generando décadas de liderazgo significativo para esas organizaciones. Aparecieron en forma explosiva, sin antecedentes conocidos. Fueron cisnes negros, y produjeron procesos de optimización estratégica de la productividad total.

Peter Drucker, the most lucid observer of Administration Science, has divided those who have made contributions to it into participants and observers. The participants are those who, from the successful management of organizations, have made significant practical contributions. Observers have interpreted and supported these advances with theory. In this paper I will present cases of successful management that were not incorporated into the theoretical administrative baggage, and therefore were not replicated for years, generating decades of significant leadership for these organizations. They appeared explosively, with no known history. They were black swans, and produced processes of strategic optimization of total productivity.